Emotions
1. Anger (2.2)
a) definition: strong desire for revenge caused by the belittlement of ourselves or those we love. This belittle must be uncalled for (e.g., undeserved)
b) object = felt towards that particular individual (or group) that has caused us harm
c) cause = some manifestation of belittlement--- e.g.: 1) contempt: felt towards those who are viewed as unimportant.
2) spite: involves thwarting another's wishes, not to get something for oneself but to prevent him from having it.
3) insult: involves saying or doing things to sham one's victim not because of anything he may have done to you, but simply for the pleasure involved.
2. Calmness (2.3)
a) definition: the settling down and quieting of anger. Therefore, calm is the opposite state of anger.
b) object =
· felt towards those who do not belittle us (i.e., who respect us)
· or who have done so involuntarily
· or who are sorry for what they have done, etc.
c) cause =
· when we feel prosperous, successful, satisfied, free from pain
· when our anger has cooled or has been spent (i.e., directed elsewhere)
· when the wrongdoer has been punished (or has adequately suffered)
· or when we feel that we are deserving of belittlement
3. Friendly Feeling (2.4)
a) definition: wishing some good for the other, not for one's own sake, but for his
b) object:
· felt towards those who take pleasure in our pleasure / pain in our pain
· or who love/hate the same people we do
· or who demonstrate good will towards us (via generosity / protection, etc)
· or who are good people, pleasant to be with
· those who are like us / share the same interests
c) cause:
· when the other has wished our good for our own sake
4. Fear and Confidence (2.5)
4a. Fear
a) definition: pain cause by the expectation of some future evil. Note: This evil something that has the possibility to cause great harm/pain, and which is perceived as being not far off
b) object
· felt from being at the mercy of other
· or towards those who have been wrong and may want revenge
· or towards rivals, bullies
· or when one has no source of help
c) cause: expectation of suffering
4b. Confidence
a) definition: the expectation that dreadful things are far off and safety near at hand [the opposite of fear].
b) object:
· felt when many sources of aid are available
· or when there is no one around who has been wronged
· or when there are no enemies around
c) cause:
· constant success
· having escaped unharmed from dangers in the past
· having external resources (money, friends)
6. Shame (2.6)
a) definition: pain concerning a class of evils, past, present or future, that seems to being a person into disrespect. Involves the possibility of disgrace or loss of respect brought about to oneself or loved ones.
b) object:
· felt towards those whose we admire or who admire us or who we wish to admire us.
· or those against whom we are in competition
· or those those who are not inclined towards same vices we are
· or those likely to gossip
c) cause:
· disgrace produced by vice (cowardice, injustice, sexual intemperance)
· having not attained ones' proper status in society (especially because of ones own fault)
· having suffered unwillingly something shameful (physical/sexual abuse)
7. Pity (2.8)
a) definition: pain over evil caused to someone who does not deserve it.
1) Pity is not felt by:
· those who are completely ruined or who feel completely invulnerable to evil (i.e., they are not able to sympathize)
2) Pity is felt by:
· those who have experience similar evils in the past and have escaped
· or by the elderly (whose life experience makes them more sympathetic)
· or by those who can image the same pain caused to themselves or to loved ones
c) object:
· felt towards those whom we know, but who are not closely related to us (or we would experience fear rather than pity)
· those who are like us in some way (age, character, social standing, etc)
· those who are able to effectively (emotionally/dramatically) demonstrate or communicate the fully extent of their pain or suffering
d) cause:
· evils that cause destruction (death, injury, sickness, old age, famine)
· evils cause by chance (friendlessness, deformity, weakness)
· evils coming from what should be a source of good (family, friends)
8. Indignation (2.9)
a) definition: pain at underserved good fortune [the opposite of pity].
b) object:
· not felt towards those who are perceived as good/worthy
· felt towards newly rich/powerful (Aristotle's snobbery?)
· or who are ill-suited for the goods they possess (the Beverly Hillbillies)
c) cause: the just/ambitious persons perception of another undeserved success
9. Jealousy (2.11)
a) definition: pain caused by the good fortune of those similar to ourselves, because we want what they have for ourselves.
· vs. envy: pain caused by the good fortune of those similar to ourselves, not because we want what they have, but simply because we resent them having it
· Therefore jealousy is reasonable and positive (since it helps us to improve ourselves), while envy is often irrational and negative (since it is grounded in pure spite)
b) object:
· felt towards those who possess those goods that we ourselves desire but don't have
· or those whom we admire / seek to emulate
c) cause:
· desire for those goods that others possess (wealth, power, friends, etc.)
· a perception of one's own worthiness to possess these goods (because of one's character, class or lineage)
a) definition: strong desire for revenge caused by the belittlement of ourselves or those we love. This belittle must be uncalled for (e.g., undeserved)
b) object = felt towards that particular individual (or group) that has caused us harm
c) cause = some manifestation of belittlement--- e.g.: 1) contempt: felt towards those who are viewed as unimportant.
2) spite: involves thwarting another's wishes, not to get something for oneself but to prevent him from having it.
3) insult: involves saying or doing things to sham one's victim not because of anything he may have done to you, but simply for the pleasure involved.
2. Calmness (2.3)
a) definition: the settling down and quieting of anger. Therefore, calm is the opposite state of anger.
b) object =
· felt towards those who do not belittle us (i.e., who respect us)
· or who have done so involuntarily
· or who are sorry for what they have done, etc.
c) cause =
· when we feel prosperous, successful, satisfied, free from pain
· when our anger has cooled or has been spent (i.e., directed elsewhere)
· when the wrongdoer has been punished (or has adequately suffered)
· or when we feel that we are deserving of belittlement
3. Friendly Feeling (2.4)
a) definition: wishing some good for the other, not for one's own sake, but for his
b) object:
· felt towards those who take pleasure in our pleasure / pain in our pain
· or who love/hate the same people we do
· or who demonstrate good will towards us (via generosity / protection, etc)
· or who are good people, pleasant to be with
· those who are like us / share the same interests
c) cause:
· when the other has wished our good for our own sake
4. Fear and Confidence (2.5)
4a. Fear
a) definition: pain cause by the expectation of some future evil. Note: This evil something that has the possibility to cause great harm/pain, and which is perceived as being not far off
b) object
· felt from being at the mercy of other
· or towards those who have been wrong and may want revenge
· or towards rivals, bullies
· or when one has no source of help
c) cause: expectation of suffering
4b. Confidence
a) definition: the expectation that dreadful things are far off and safety near at hand [the opposite of fear].
b) object:
· felt when many sources of aid are available
· or when there is no one around who has been wronged
· or when there are no enemies around
c) cause:
· constant success
· having escaped unharmed from dangers in the past
· having external resources (money, friends)
6. Shame (2.6)
a) definition: pain concerning a class of evils, past, present or future, that seems to being a person into disrespect. Involves the possibility of disgrace or loss of respect brought about to oneself or loved ones.
b) object:
· felt towards those whose we admire or who admire us or who we wish to admire us.
· or those against whom we are in competition
· or those those who are not inclined towards same vices we are
· or those likely to gossip
c) cause:
· disgrace produced by vice (cowardice, injustice, sexual intemperance)
· having not attained ones' proper status in society (especially because of ones own fault)
· having suffered unwillingly something shameful (physical/sexual abuse)
7. Pity (2.8)
a) definition: pain over evil caused to someone who does not deserve it.
1) Pity is not felt by:
· those who are completely ruined or who feel completely invulnerable to evil (i.e., they are not able to sympathize)
2) Pity is felt by:
· those who have experience similar evils in the past and have escaped
· or by the elderly (whose life experience makes them more sympathetic)
· or by those who can image the same pain caused to themselves or to loved ones
c) object:
· felt towards those whom we know, but who are not closely related to us (or we would experience fear rather than pity)
· those who are like us in some way (age, character, social standing, etc)
· those who are able to effectively (emotionally/dramatically) demonstrate or communicate the fully extent of their pain or suffering
d) cause:
· evils that cause destruction (death, injury, sickness, old age, famine)
· evils cause by chance (friendlessness, deformity, weakness)
· evils coming from what should be a source of good (family, friends)
8. Indignation (2.9)
a) definition: pain at underserved good fortune [the opposite of pity].
b) object:
· not felt towards those who are perceived as good/worthy
· felt towards newly rich/powerful (Aristotle's snobbery?)
· or who are ill-suited for the goods they possess (the Beverly Hillbillies)
c) cause: the just/ambitious persons perception of another undeserved success
9. Jealousy (2.11)
a) definition: pain caused by the good fortune of those similar to ourselves, because we want what they have for ourselves.
· vs. envy: pain caused by the good fortune of those similar to ourselves, not because we want what they have, but simply because we resent them having it
· Therefore jealousy is reasonable and positive (since it helps us to improve ourselves), while envy is often irrational and negative (since it is grounded in pure spite)
b) object:
· felt towards those who possess those goods that we ourselves desire but don't have
· or those whom we admire / seek to emulate
c) cause:
· desire for those goods that others possess (wealth, power, friends, etc.)
· a perception of one's own worthiness to possess these goods (because of one's character, class or lineage)